Reproductive Biotechnology: Advances, Clinical Applications, Ethical Considerations and Future Directions

                @article{CRSIJ26000498,
                  author = {Dimlong James Umaru, Vongfa Augusta Chinwendu, Mijinyawa Panu Shedrack, Pam John Choji, Gochuk Lashime Daniel, Dashe Bulus Damar},
                  title = {Reproductive Biotechnology: Advances, Clinical Applications, Ethical Considerations and Future Directions},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2026},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {2},
                  pages = {1076-1087},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000498.pdf},
                  abstract = {Reproductive biotechnology is a rapidly advancing multidisciplinary field integrating reproductive endocrinology, human embryology, genetics, molecular biology, cryobiology and assisted reproductive medicine to prevent, diagnose and manage infertility and preserve reproductive potential. Infertility affects approximately one in six people of reproductive age globally and represents an important reproductive-health, psychosocial and socioeconomic challenge (World Health Organization [WHO], 2025). Assisted reproductive technology (ART), particularly in vitro fertilization (IVF), has transformed infertility treatment by enabling controlled manipulation of oocytes, sperm and embryos outside the human body. Contemporary ART encompasses ovarian stimulation, follicular monitoring, final oocyte maturation, oocyte retrieval, conventional IVF or intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo culture, embryo selection, embryo transfer and cryopreservation. Additional technologies include assisted hatching, donor gametes, gestational-carrier arrangements and pre implantation genetic testing (PGT). Embryo verification has expanded fertility preservation and frozen embryo-transfer strategies, whereas PGT provides opportunities for identifying selected genetic and chromosomal abnormalities before embryo transfer. However, reproductive biotechnology presents clinical, ethical, economic and regulatory challenges, including ovarian hyper stimulation, treatment failure, multiple pregnancy, embryo disposition, genetic privacy, donor-related issues and unequal access. Current evidence also indicates that PGT-A should not be regarded as a universal screening procedure and that routine ICSI is not justified in the absence of male-factor infertility or previous fertilization failure (American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM], 2024, 2026). Emerging artificial intelligence (AI), genomics and automated embryo-assessment technologies offer considerable potential but require rigorous clinical validation. This review examines the scientific principles, clinical applications, complications, ethical implications, limitations, recommendations and future directions of reproductive biotechnology, with particular attention to evidence-based and equitable fertility care.},
                  keywords = {Reproductive biotechnology, assisted reproductive technology, infertility, in vitro fertilization, intra cytoplasmic sperm injection, embryo cryopreservation, pre implantation genetic testing, reproductive medicine},
                  month = {September}
        }