Effect of Gender, Class Size and Teaching Methods on Learning Outcomes of Public Primary School Pupils in Lagos State Nigeria

                @article{CRSIJ26000484,
                  author = {Taiwo Gabriel Olusegun Ph.D., Raji, Oluremi Balikis, Fasakin, Jolly Akinwale},
                  title = {Effect of Gender, Class Size and Teaching Methods on Learning Outcomes of Public Primary School Pupils in Lagos State Nigeria },
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2026},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {2},
                  pages = {897-909},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000484.pdf},
                  abstract = {Learning outcomes reflect the changes in pupil’s knowledge and attitudes after learning instructions. This study, examined the effect of class size and teaching methods on learning outcomes of public primary school pupils in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of all the public primary schools in Lagos State. The schools were divided into two groups; the compliant (have less than 1:35class size and non-compliant (more than 1:35 class size). Three teaching methods (Discussion, Demonstration and Questioning and Answering methods were used to teach mathematics lesson to the participants. Their learning outcomes were the Dependent variable. This were classified into four aspects including conceptualization, practice and techniques, critical thinking, research and communication The research instruments used titled: IA-learning outcomes checklist and Class-size assessment scale with r = 0.80 were used for data collection statistical measures was applied included mean, standard deviation, that while inferential statistics (General linear Model-Univariate test) was used to test the three (3) null hypothesis. The result of the analysis revealed there was a significant effects of categories of class size, (F (1, 755) = 23.00, p<.05, ηp2 = .030). The findings shown that there was significant effect of teaching method on the means of learning outcomes of pupils (F (2, 755) = 91.487, p<.05, ηp2 = .195), and there was a significant interaction effect of class size, teaching method and learning outcomes on the means of learning outcomes of pupils in Lagos state (F (6, 755) = 3.118, p<.05, ηp2= .024). In conclusion, the class size and teaching methods have significant effect on learning outcomes of pupils’ in public primary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. Itski is therefore recommended that small class sizes should be maintained in public primary schools, alongside the adoption of diverse and effective teaching methods for effective learning outcomes to take place.},
                  keywords = {Class size, Learning Outcomes, teaching methods, Public primary school, Aspect of learning outcomes},
                  month = {September}
        }