Geospatial Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health Factors Associated with Cholera Outbreaks in Selected Unregulated Premises in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria

                @article{CRSIJ26000394,
                  author = {Shehu Mahmud, Dr. Adiama Babatunde Yusuf, Prof. Henry Sawyeer, Dr. Opasola Olaniyi, Afolabi Oluwatuyi},
                  title = {Geospatial Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Environmental Health Factors Associated with Cholera Outbreaks in Selected Unregulated Premises in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2026},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {2},
                  pages = {412-423},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000394.pdf},
                  abstract = {Cholera epidemics continue to recur in Minna metropolis, Niger State, and are often met with episodic emergency responses, indicating persistent environmental and sanitation-related risk factors. This study investigated water, sanitation and environmental health factors associated with cholera occurrence in selected unregulated premises in Minna metropolis. A descriptive cross-sectional study with a geospatial component was carried out. Data from 254 operators were collected using questionnaires and observational checklists, with 254 premises mapped using GIS. Cholera data for 2020–2025 were obtained from the Niger State Ministry of Health to further support these instruments. The findings of the study revealed that poor WASH conditions were widespread in the study area. Water source (χ² = 68.42, p < 0.001), waste disposal (χ² = 82.15, p < 0.001), and sanitary condition (χ² = 45.67, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with cholera occurrence. No significant differences were found between the two LGAs with Minna metropolis (p > 0.05). Even though 79.9% reported high hygiene awareness, appropriate practices were inconsistent. A significant hot spot was identified around Minna South and the David Mark Road/Maitunbi corridor (Gi* z ≈ +0.87, p = 0.048), while the Bosso/Tutugo/Korpkpa Tutugo corridor showed a significant cold spot (Gi* z = −1.155, p = 0.001). The study concludes that unsafe water, poor waste disposal and inadequate sanitation may increase cholera risk. Improved WASH interventions, regular inspections and stronger enforcement are recommended, particularly in identified hotspots.},
                  keywords = {Cholera, Geospatial analysis, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), unregulated premises, Minna metropolis},
                  month = {September}
        }