@article{CRSIJ26000309,
                  author = {Oluwe Musbau Olajide, Ikeagu Nnamdi Michael, Omole, Omomoluwa Adegbola},
                  title = {Impact of Solar Photovoltaic Penetration on the Power-Flow Performance of the IEEE 30-Bus Transmission Network},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {1},
                  pages = {516-531},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000309.pdf},
                  abstract = {The growing penetration of renewable energy sources, driven by global decarbonization goals, has increased the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into transmission networks. Although PV generation supports cleaner energy production, high penetration levels introduce variability and alter conventional power-flow patterns. Poorly planned integration may therefore cause voltage deviations, reverse power flow, increased losses, line overloading, and system instability. This study evaluated the impact of solar PV penetration on the power-flow performance of the IEEE 30-bus transmission network. PV was integrated at Bus 8 under unity power factor, 0.95 lagging power factor, and 0.95 leading power factor scenarios. Newton-Raphson load-flow analysis was performed using MATLAB/Simulink and MATPOWER. The results showed that moderate PV penetration improved the minimum bus voltage, reduced active and reactive power losses, and relieved transmission-line loading. However, excessive penetration increased losses, branch loading, and operating-limit violations because of reverse power flow. The best overall performance was achieved at 30% PV penetration, equivalent to 56.76 MW, with 0.95 lagging power factor operation. At this level, the minimum voltage was 0.96788 p.u., maximum branch loading was 86.06%, and no network violations occurred. The study concludes that controlled PV deployment, appropriate siting, and reactive power support are essential for reliable and efficient grid operation.},
                  keywords = {Solar photovoltaic penetration, IEEE 30-bus system, power-flow analysis, voltage profile, transmission-network performance},
                  month = {July}
        }