@article{CRSIJ26000284,
                  author = {James Thomas, C.Y Oche, N.L Binbol},
                  title = {Assessment of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Irrigation-Livestock Suitability of Lake Ruma Wetland Water, North-eastern Nigeria},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {1},
                  pages = {379-391},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000284.pdf},
                  abstract = {Lake Ruma Wetland is an important freshwater resource supporting irrigation agriculture and livestock production in north-eastern Nigeria, yet information on its hydro chemical suitability for agricultural use remains limited. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of wetland water and assessed its suitability for irrigation and livestock production using internationally recognized water quality indices. Water samples were collected from representative locations and analysed following American Public Health Association (APHA) standard procedures. Irrigation suitability was assessed using Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Kelly Ratio (KR), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Potential Salinity (PS), Total Hardness (TH), and the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI/WAWQI), while livestock suitability was evaluated using international drinking-water standards. Results showed that most physicochemical parameters were within recommended limits for agricultural use. Irrigation indices, including SAR, KR, MH, PS, TH, and Na%, indicated low salinity and sodality risks, and the IWQI classified the water as suitable for irrigation. However, the RSC value exceeded the recommended threshold, indicating a potential alkalinity hazard under prolonged irrigation if unmanaged. The water was also suitable for livestock consumption. Overall, Lake Ruma Wetland possesses good hydro chemical quality for sustainable irrigation and livestock production, although periodic water-quality monitoring and appropriate irrigation management are recommended to minimize long-term soil alkalinity risks.},
                  keywords = {Hydrochemistry, Irrigation water quality, Irrigation Water Quality Index, Livestock water quality, Lake Ruma Wetland, Sustainable irrigation, Nigeria},
                  month = {July}
        }