@article{CRSIJ26000273,
                  author = {Chukwuegbo Adolphus Egbo, Ola Egwu Otunta, Ezeh Nnaemeka Christian},
                  title = {Development of decentralized microgrid systems for remote and off-grid  communities},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {1},
                  pages = {690-705},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000273.pdf},
                  abstract = {Access to reliable electricity remains a major challenge in many remote and off-grid communities, particularly in developing countries where conventional grid extension is economically and technically impractical. This study presents the development of a decentralized micro grid system for remote and off-grid communities using a hybrid renewable energy architecture comprising solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, wind energy conversion systems, battery energy storage, and a decentralized energy management system. The study aimed to develop a sustainable, reliable, and cost-effective electrification solution capable of meeting varying community energy demands while maintaining system stability. Mathematical models of the PV array, wind turbine, battery storage system, and decentralized control mechanism were developed and implemented in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. Simulation analyses were conducted under varying solar irradiance, wind speed, and load demand conditions to evaluate system performance. The results showed that the proposed micro grid achieved a peak renewable power generation of 75 kW, maintained battery state-of-charge levels between 72% and 88%, and effectively balanced generation and load demand through coordinated energy management. Performance evaluation revealed an overall system efficiency of 91.4%, a load satisfaction index of 94.2%, a reliability index of 0.96, and a loss reduction of 18.7%. The system also achieved a level zed cost of energy of 0.14 $/kWh, demonstrating economic feasibility for rural electrification. The study concludes that decentralized micro grid systems offer a viable and sustainable solution for improving energy access, enhancing reliability, and supporting socioeconomic development in remote and underserved communities.},
                  keywords = {Decentralized Micro grid, Renewable Energy, Rural Electrification, Battery Energy Storage System, Energy Management System},
                  month = {July}
        }