@article{CRSIJ26000221,
                  author = {Okidhika C.U., Abule E.C.},
                  title = {Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Tissues and Eggs from Commercial Farms in Rivers State, Nigeria},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {1},
                  pages = {64-79},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000221.pdf},
                  abstract = {The systematic profiling of antibiotic residue distribution across multiple poultry tissues is fundamental to evidence-based food safety governance, yet remains poorly characterised in the Nigerian context. This study determined the occurrence and tissue-specific distribution of twelve antibiotic residues, representing five pharmacological classes (tetracycline’s: OTC, CTC, TET; fluoroquinolones: CIP, ENR; β-lactams: AMP, AMX; macrolides: TYL, ERY, CHL; aminoglycosides: STR, GEN), in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, kidney, egg yolk, and egg white from 90 commercial poultry farms (large-scale n = 30, medium-scale n = 35, small-scale n = 25) across Rivers State, Nigeria. Sampling was conducted in triplicate across three seasonal episodes (November 2023 – October 2024). Residues were extracted by the QuEChERS-dSPE method and quantified by HPLC-PDA with confirmatory GC-MS analysis including tissue-specific mass spectral identification of ox tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. All twelve antibiotics were detected in all tissue matrices. Liver and kidney consistently recorded the highest concentrations, with ox tetracycline reaching 386.4 ± 22.1 μg/kg (liver) and 442.8 ± 25.4 μg/kg (kidney), representing 1.93-fold and 2.21-fold the respective EU MRLs. Chloramphenicol, a veterinary drug banned in food-producing animals under EU Regulation 37/2010 and NAFDAC guidelines, was detected in all tissue types across all farm categories, constituting an absolute MRL violation. Tissue bio concentration ratios showed liver/muscle ratios of 2.46–2.66 and kidney/muscle ratios of 2.89–3.21 across all antibiotics, confirming organ tissues as priority sampling matrices for residue monitoring. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for liver consumption yielded cumulative Hazard Index (HI) values of 2.728 (adults), 4.907 (children), and 6.945 (infants), substantially exceeding the USEPA acceptable threshold of 1.0 for children and infants. Carcinogenic risk from fluoroquinolones (CIP CR = 3.84×10⁻⁶; ENR CR = 3.28×10⁻⁶) was within the acceptable range of 10⁻⁶–10⁻⁴. Small-scale farm liver non-compliance reached 45.5%. The study establishes a robust analytical framework for multi-tissue antibiotic residue surveillance and provides the first comprehensive tissue bio concentration dataset for commercial poultry in Rivers State, Nigeria.},
                  keywords = {Antibiotic residues, poultry tissues, liver, kidney, eggs, GC-MS, HPLC-PDA, Quenchers’, bio concentration, health risk, MRL, chloramphenicol, Rivers State, Nigeria},
                  month = {July}
        }