@article{CRSIJ26000196,
                  author = {Ogbodo Ikechukwu Ogbodo , Ezekiel Nnamere Aneke, Asanya Onyebuchi Nduka, Okeke C. G},
                  title = {Comparative performance analysis of Stand-Alone vs Combined FACTS controllers for Enhancing power system loadability },
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {2},
                  number = {1},
                  pages = {1-21},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000196.pdf},
                  abstract = {This study presents a comparative performance analysis of stand-alone versus combined Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers for enhancing power system load ability, using the Nigerian 330KV 48-bus power system as a test bed. The research addresses the critical challenge of voltage instability and limited load ability in aged transmission networks, where building new infrastructure is often prohibitively expensive. Three FACTS devices were considered: the Static Var Compensator (SVC), the Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). Using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) for modelling and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for optimal placement and sizing, four integration scenarios were investigated: no FACTS integration, stand-alone SVC, stand-alone TCSC, stand-alone UPFC, and combined integration of all three devices. The baseline characterization of the uncompensated system revealed severe voltage drop limitations, with eleven transmission lines operating below the base Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) threshold of 382.11 MW, yielding a total baseline SIL of 4,274.43 MW. Stand-alone SVC integration improved total SIL to 4,414.62 MW, representing a 3.28 percent enhancement. Stand-alone TCSC integration achieved a total SIL of 4,469.12 MW, a 4.55 percent improvement. Stand-alone UPFC integration reached a total SIL of 4,448.37 MW, a 4.o7 percent improvement. The combined FACTS integration achieved the highest total SIL of 4,475.59 MW, corresponding to a 4.71 percent enhancement over the baseline, which translates to approximately 2o1 MW of additional transmission capacity. The results demonstrate that while stand-alone TCSC provides impressive improvement within 0.16 percentage points of the combined configuration, the combined approach offers superior overall performance along with advantages of redundancy, distributed voltage support, and reduced reliance on any single technology. Validation of simulation results against experimental data yielded a deviation of only 0.18 percent, confirming the accuracy of the PSAT-based modelling approach. The study concludes that combined FACTS integration is more capable of enhancing power system load ability than stand-alone integration, providing a cost-effective solution for transmission system operators seeking to maximize existing infrastructure utilization without physical expansion.},
                  keywords = {Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS), Power System Load ability, Surge Impedance Loading (SIL), Voltage Stability, Transmission Congestion; Voltage Profile Improvement, Reactive Power Compensation},
                  month = {July}
        }