@article{CRSIJ26000167,
                  author = {Ahmed, E. A, Nweke, J. N, M.O. Oluwe, Ona, Denis Ejike, Okomgboesu Chijioke Jude},
                  title = {Impact of Distributed Generation Placement and Penetration Level on Voltage Profile and Loss Reduction in a Radial Distribution Network: An ETAP-Based Study},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {1},
                  number = {6},
                  pages = {198-211},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000167.pdf},
                  abstract = {Radial distribution networks are widely used in power systems because of their simple configuration and low installation cost, but they are susceptible to voltage drops and high real power losses, especially at buses far from the substation. These problems become more severe under increasing load demand and can reduce power quality, reliability, and system efficiency. Distributed generation offers a practical means of improving voltage profiles and reducing feeder losses when appropriately located and sized. This study examines the effect of distributed generation placement and penetration level on voltage profile improvement and loss reduction in an IEEE 6-bus radial distribution network. Two candidate locations were evaluated: Bus 5, identified as the weakest bus, and Bus 6, representing the remote end of the feeder. Load-flow simulations were performed in ETAP for distributed generation penetration levels ranging from 0% to 110% of the base-case loading condition. The results show that distributed generation improves bus voltages and reduces total system losses up to an optimal penetration range of approximately 60% to 70%. Beyond this range, losses increase because of changes in current distribution and power-flow direction. Comparative results indicate that placement at Bus 5 gives better loss reduction and stronger voltage support than placement at Bus 6. The study confirms that distributed generation location and size are critical to efficient radial distribution system performance.Radial distribution networks are widely used in power systems because of their simple configuration and low installation cost, but they are susceptible to voltage drops and high real power losses, especially at buses far from the substation. These problems become more severe under increasing load demand and can reduce power quality, reliability, and system efficiency. Distributed generation offers a practical means of improving voltage profiles and reducing feeder losses when appropriately located and sized. This study examines the effect of distributed generation placement and penetration level on voltage profile improvement and loss reduction in an IEEE 6-bus radial distribution network. Two candidate locations were evaluated: Bus 5, identified as the weakest bus, and Bus 6, representing the remote end of the feeder. Load-flow simulations were performed in ETAP for distributed generation penetration levels ranging from 0% to 110% of the base-case loading condition. The results show that distributed generation improves bus voltages and reduces total system losses up to an optimal penetration range of approximately 60% to 70%. Beyond this range, losses increase because of changes in current distribution and power-flow direction. Comparative results indicate that placement at Bus 5 gives better loss reduction and stronger voltage support than placement at Bus 6. The study confirms that distributed generation location and size are critical to efficient radial distribution system performance.},
                  keywords = {Distributed generation, radial distribution network, voltage profile improvement, loss reduction, optimal penetration level},
                  month = {May}
        }