@article{CRSIJ26000097,
                  author = {Bathon A.H, Maurice D.C, Shehu J.F},
                  title = {Effect of budgetary expenditure on agriculture by the government on farm output and productivity in Nigeria},
                  journal = {Cosmo Research and Science International Journal},
                  year = {2025},
                  volume = {1},
                  number = {5},
                  pages = {97-113},
                  issn = {3108-1584},
                  url = {https://cosmorsij.com/published/CRSIJ26000097.pdf},
                  abstract = {The study investigated how government budgetary spending on agriculture in Nigeria affects agricultural productivity. It applied descriptive statistics, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for data analysis. An examination of trends in government agricultural allocations from 2015 to 2023 showed that Nigeria’s funding for agriculture consistently remained well below the 10% target set by the Maputo Declaration. Findings from the OLS analysis indicated that the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Loan, as well as government recurrent and capital expenditures on agriculture, had a positive and statistically significant effect on agricultural output. In contrast, population growth and inflation negatively affected output, while the lending interest rate showed a positive but statistically insignificant influence. The ADF test revealed a mixed order of integration, I (0) and I (1), justifying the use of the ARDL approach. The ARDL results confirmed the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables. In the short run, both government capital and recurrent agricultural expenditures positively influenced agricultural output. The Error Correction Model (ECM) showed a negative and statistically significant coefficient at the 1% level, with a 47% adjustment speed toward long-run equilibrium following shocks, indicating that short-term deviations in output are corrected over time. However, long-run ARDL estimates showed that the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Loan had a negative and significant effect on output, while population growth had a positive and significant impact. Based on these results, the study concluded that although government spending on agriculture significantly influences output, allocations remain below the Maputo benchmark. It therefore recommended increased government funding for agriculture to realize both short- and long-term economic benefits.},
                  keywords = {Government budgetary expenditure, Agriculture budget share, agricultural Productivity},
                  month = {March}
        }